It's no surprise that technology is getting better, faster, and smarter. But is it at the expense of its makers?
Anxiety has been building around
the second machine age and its implications for our economic future, and
it may have reached a tipping point.
Just last week, Silicon Valley venture capitalists and executives published an open letter on the digital economy, calling for public-policy changes and new organizational models to account for this era of drastic technological change.
The authors write, "The digital revolution is the best economic news on the planet."
But not everyone agrees. Several scholars have been sounding the alarm on the danger of technological progress.
During a presentation at the Carnegie Council for Ethics and International Affairs this week, researcher Wendell Wallach said technology is now destroying more jobs than it creates.
"This is an unparalleled situation and one that I think could
actually lead to all sorts of disruptions once the public starts to
catch on that we are truly in the midst of technological unemployment,"
said Wallach, a consultant, ethicist, and scholar at the Yale University
Interdisciplinary Center for Bioethics.
Martin Ford, a software developer and Silicon Valley entrepreneur, recently published the book "Rise of the Robots" in an effort to generate a conversation around the prospect of a jobless future.
We're not worried enough, he says. Most people don't understand the "mind-boggling" speed that technology is advancing at.
"When people talk about
robots, they're mostly imagining factories, but the factory jobs have
been gone for decades," Ford tells Business Insider.
In May, Shenzhen Evenwin Precision Technology, a manufacturing company based out of Dongguan in southern China, announced it would soon be replacing 90% of its 1,800 employees with machines. The 200 employees not receiving pink slips will take on a new role — overseeing the robotic workforce.
This is part of a larger trend in southern China, where robots are poised to invade several manufacturing companies.
If that isn't unsettling enough, consider the Oxford University study, "The Future of Employment: How Susceptible are Jobs to Computerization," which predicts that 47% of US jobs could be automated within one to two decades.
It's no longer just the "dangerous, dirty, and dull" jobs on the block. Technology is also poised to replace white-collar positions, like lawyers, reporters, and financial analysts, to name a few.
While certain sectors, such as healthcare and education, are safer than others for the time being, Ford believes most industries will eventually be at risk.
But it's not as much about what industry you work in, Ford explains,
as it is the function you perform. Think about your job, he says, and
consider whether or not any smart person could figure out how to do it
if they watched you work or studied your past work patterns.
If so, then it's a pretty good bet that an algorithm will eventually be able to figure it out as well, he warns. "If
you look far enough into the future, say 50 years and beyond, there
aren't any jobs that you could say absolutely for sure are going to be
safe."
With creative computing underway, even the most artful of jobs could be at risk. Algorithms can now write symphonies and paint original paintings, Ford tells us.
"We should be concerned," says Ford. "Primarily because we don't have an alternate for people to lose their jobs.
"I'm not arguing that the
technology is a bad thing. It could be a great thing if the robots did
all our jobs and we didn't have to work. The problem is that your job
and income are packaged together. So if you lose your job, you also lose
your income, and we don't have a very good system in place to deal with
that."
The economic consequences could be dramatic, he says. Jobs drive consumption, and consumption drives our economy.
"Without consumers, we're not going to have an economy. No matter how talented you are as an individual, you've got to have a market to sell it to," Ford says. "We need most people to be OK. We need some reasonable level of broad-based prosperity if we're going to continue to have a vibrant, consumer-driven economy."
Of course, what Ford sees as a disaster, others see as an opportunity. The New York Times recently highlighted a study by the McKinsey Global Institute that presents a more cheerful outlook.
"By 2025, McKinsey estimates, these digital talent platforms could
add $2.7 trillion a year to global gross domestic product," the Times
wrote. "And the digital tools, the report states, could benefit as many
as 540 million people in various ways, including better matches of their
skills with jobs, higher wages, and shorter stints of unemployment."
Other experts point to the Industrial Revolution, which ultimately led to more employment opportunities, and say the same will happen during the second machine age. Some believe an increase
in computing prowess will simply eliminate old jobs and introduce new
ones, resulting in a net-zero effect — or even an increase in jobs.
However, Ford doesn't believe the
past will predict the future in this case. "On January 2, 2010, The
Washington Post reported that the first decade of the 21st century
resulted in the creation of no new jobs. Zero," he writes in "Rise of
the Robots." "In other words, during those first 10 years there were
about 10 million missing jobs that should have been created — but never
showed up."
The solution to this job displacement is not a simple one.
In the
past, when low-skilled workers lost their jobs to technology, the
conventional advice was to go to school for a better education and
training and find more intellectual work in an office. This solution
will no longer be effective, Ford says, because technology is coming after those higher-skilled jobs as well.
Investment in education and
training will unlikely solve our problems. We must look beyond
conventional policy prescriptions," says Ford.
His solution is a radical one: To effectively restructure our entire system.
Ford suggests a guaranteed income.
"You give people a minimum — a survivable income.
Not something so generous that they just sit around and do nothing, but
you give them enough so they don't have to worry about basic survival,"
he explains. "Some people would be lazy, but most others would want more
and would work part-time, start small businesses, or work a more
traditional job if they could find one."
Ford is not the only one proposing such extreme changes.
Scott Santens, a leader in the basic-income
movement — a worldwide network of thousands of advocates — agrees that
job growth is not keeping pace with technology and encourages
government-provided income as a remedy.
"It's not just a matter of needing basic income in the future; we need it now," Santens told The Atlantic.
"People don't see it, but we are already seeing the effects all around
us, in the jobs and pay we take, the hours we accept, the extremes
inequality is reaching, and in the loss of consumer spending power."
It's unlikely Ford and Santens' proposal would become a reality, at least any time soon. "In
today's environment, such a radical solution is completely
unthinkable," Ford admits. "But the paradox is that it's ultimately what
we're going to need in the future. It's unclear how we're going to get
there."
